ارزیابی میزان دسته‌ای از سموم ارگانوکلره، ارگانوفسفره و سرب در شیر پاستوریزه و خام توزیعی در شهر اصفهان

نوع مقاله : گزارش موردی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات بیماریهای انگلی دامی، موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات دامپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

شیر یکی از مهم‌ترین اجزای غذایی انسان است. آلودگی محیط‌زیست باعث حضور میکرو‌آلاینده‌ها (سموم دفع آفات و فلزات سمی) در زنجیره غذایی می‌شود و غلظت این آلاینده‌ها باید به‌طور مستمر کنترل شود. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی سطح سموم دفع آفات (ارگانوکلره و ارگانوفسفره) و باقی‌مانده سرب در شیرهای توزیع‌شده در شهر اصفهان بود. در مجموع 30 نمونه شیر گاو (25 نمونه شیر پاستوریزه از کارخانه‌های مختلف و 5 نمونه شیر خام از فروشگاه‌های لبنیات سنتی) به‌صورت تصادفی جمع‌آوری و ازنظر 50 نوع آفت‌کش ارگانوکلره و ارگانوفسفره رایج و سرب موردبررسی قرار گرفت. باقیمانده آفت‌کش‌ها و سرب به ترتیب با استفاده از "کروماتوگرافی گازی-طیف‌سنجی جرمی" و " طیف بینی نشری اتمی با پلاسمای جفت شدۀ القایی" اندازه‌گیری شدند. سطح باقیمانده سموم دفع آفات در شیرهای مورد آزمایش زیر حداکثر حد باقی‌مانده تعیین‌شده توسط کدکس بود. میانگین سطح سرب به‌دست‌آمده از 30 نمونه 7/3±7/6 میکروگرم بر لیتر، با دامنه 4 تا 1/22 میکروگرم بر لیتر بود. باقیمانده سرب فقط در یک نمونه از حداکثر حد باقی‌مانده تعیین‌شده توسط کدکس (20 میکروگرم بر لیتر) فراتر بود. نتایج نشان می‌دهند که آلاینده‌های موردنظر در شیرهای مورد آزمایش در محدوده مجاز بودند. نتایج این مطالعه لزوم ایجاد برنامه‌های پایشی مستمر جهت اندازه‌گیری فلزات سنگین و بقایای سموم دفع آفات را در شیر در مناطق مختلف ایران مشخص می‌کند. این برنامه‌ها باعث ارتقای سلامت محصولات غذایی و کاهش خطر مواجهه مصرف‌کنندگان با مواد مضر می‌شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of a group of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides residue and Lead content of row and pasteurized cow milk collected from Isfahan city, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • V Noaman 1
  • M. Rasti 2
  • M. R Heidari 3
  • A. R Ranjbari 2
  • K Allameh 2
1 Department of Parasitic Disease Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
2 Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
3 Department of Veterinary Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Milk is one of the most important components of human food. The presence of micro-pollutants (pesticides and toxic metals) in the food chain is the result of environmental pollution and their concentrations need to be controlled constantly. The objective of this study was to detect the level of pesticides (organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP)) and lead residue in distributed milk in Isfahan city in Iran.A total of 30 cow milk (25 pasteurized milk samples from different factories and 5-row milk samples from traditional dairy shops) samples were collected at random and analyzed for 50 common OC and OP pesticide residues and lead. The pesticide residues and lead detected using "gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy" and "inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy", respectively. However, the levels of pesticide residues were below maximum residual limits (MRLs) levels set by the Codex in 2007. The mean level of lead content obtained from 30 samples was 6.7±3.7 µg/l, with a range from 4 to 22.1 µg/l. Lead residues exceeded the MRL (20 µg/l) in only 1 sample. Our data were within the normal ranges. The results of this study demonstrate the need to establish the most abundant heavy metals and pesticide residue monitoring programs for milk analysis for human consumption to improve food safety and decrease exposure risks to consumers in different regions of Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • organochlorine pesticides
  • organophosphorus pesticides
  • gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy
  • inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
  • cow milk
  • Lead
  • Isfahan
1- Abedi, A.-S., E. Nasseri, F. Esfarjani, F. Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, M. H. Moosavi and H. Hoseini. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lead and cadmium concentrations in cow milk in Iran and human health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res: 1-13.
2- Al-Masri, M., K. Al-Kharfan and K. Al-Shamali. 2006. Speciation of Pb, Cu and Zn determined by sequential extraction for identification of air pollution sources in Syria. Atmos Environ 40: 753-761.
3- AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis of the AOAC 986.15 Multi-element method.17th ed. 17 ed.  AOAC Gaithersburg, MD. Arlington _ Virginia, USA.
4- Aslam, M., S. Rais and M. Alam. 2013. Quantification of organochlorine pesticide residues in the buffalo milk samples of Delhi City, India. J Environ Prot 4: 964-974.
5- Ayar, A., D. Sert and N. Akın. 2009. The trace metal levels in milk and dairy products consumed in middle Anatolia—Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 152: 1-12.
6- Bonyadian, M., H. Moshtaghi and Z. Sultani. 2006. Study on the residual of lead and cadmium in raw and pasteurized milks in Shahrekord area.
7- Bulut, S., L. Akkaya, V. Gök and M. Konuk. 2011. Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in cow’s, buffalo’s, and sheep’s milk from Afyonkarahisar region, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 181: 555-562.
8- Codex. 2007. Codex alimentarius commission: procedural manual. Food & Agriculture Org. FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme World Health Organization.
9- Commission, E. 2006. Setting of maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Regulation: 5-24.
10- Cserháti, T. and M. Szőgyi. 2012. Chromatographic determination of pesticides in foods and food products. Eur Chem Bull 1: 58-68.
11- da Silva, L. C. C., V. Beloti, R. Tamanini and D. P. Netto. 2014. Milk contamination by organophosphorus and carbamate residues present in water and animal feedstuff. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 35: 2485-2494.
12- Dawood, A., R. M. Abd El-Maaboud, M. A. Helal, S. A. Mohamed and W. H. Ali. 2004. Detection of organochlorine pesticide residues in samples of cow milk collected from Sohag and Qena Governorates. Assiut Univ Bull Environ Res 7.
13- Dekker, M. Section. 2002. Toxic metal, radionuclides and food packaging contaminants.  783-812. In: Deshpande S, editor. Handbook of food toxicology. CRC Press; 
14- Deshpande, S. Section. 2002. Handbook of food toxicology.  814-819. CRC Press Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York 
15- Dinham, B. and S. Malik. 2003. Pesticides and human rights. Int J Occup Environ Health 9: 40-52.
16- Dizaji, A. A., A. Eshaghi, A. A. Golshani, K. Nazeradl, A. A. Yari and S. Hoda. 2012. Evaluation and determination of toxic metals (Lead and Cadmium) in cow milk collected from East Azerbaijan, Iran. Euro J Exp Bio 2: 261-265.
17- Emamian, S. A. 2005. Determination of lead and Cadmium in milk and dairy products in Shahre Kord using Potentiometric Stripping Analyzer. DVMthesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-Kord Islamic Azad University
18- Fox, P. F., P. L. McSweeney and L. Paul. 1998. Dairy chemistry and biochemistry. Springer. p. 1-70.
19- Guitart, R., S. Croubels, F. Caloni, M. Sachana, F. Davanzo, V. Vandenbroucke and P. Berny. 2010. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: Farm livestock and poultry. Vet J 183: 249-254.
20- Hadian, Z., M. H. Azizi and R. Ferdosi. 2006. Determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in vegetables by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Iran J Food Sci Tech 3: 67-74.
21- Hayatbakhsh, R. 2008. Survey on the Lead and Cadmium level in pasteurized and sterilized milk from some Tehran dairy plants. University of Tehran
22- Inam, R. and G. Somer. 2000. A direct method for the determination of selenium and lead in cow's milk by differential pulse stripping voltammetry. Food Chem 69: 345-350.
23- Ismail, T. and W. M. Elkassas. 2016. Prevalence of Some Pesticides Residues in Buffalo s Milk With Refer to Impact of Heating. Alex J Vet Sci 48: 113-123.
24- Javadi, I., B. Haghighi, A. ABD ELAHI and H. Nejat. 2005. Evaluation and Determination of Toxic Metals (Mercury, Lead, Cadmiun, and Chromium) in Cow Milk.
25- Koohi, M. K., M. Hejazi, M. Mozaffari, S. H. Paktinat and G. Sadeghi Hashjin. 2011. Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in dairy products in Tabriz, Iran. Food Sci Technol 8: 83-89.
26- Licata, P., D. Trombetta, M. Cristani, F. Giofre, D. Martino, M. Calo and F. Naccari. 2004. Levels of “toxic” and “essential” metals in samples of bovine milk from various dairy farms in Calabria, Italy. Environ Inter 30: 1-6.
27- Luzardo, O. P., N. Ruiz-Suárez, M. Almeida-González, L. A. Henríquez-Hernández, M. Zumbado and L. D. Boada. 2013. Multi-residue method for the determination of 57 persistent organic pollutants in human milk and colostrum using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure. Anal Bioanal Chem 405: 9523-9536.
28- Malhat, F., M. Hagag, A. Saber and A. E. Fayz. 2012. Contamination of cows milk by heavy metal in Egypt. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88: 611-613.
29- Meshref, A. M., W. A. Moselhy and N. E.-H. Y. Hassan. 2014. Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. J Food Meas Charact 8: 381-388.
30- Naccari, F., D. Martino, D. Trombetta, M. Cristani, P. Licata, C. Naccari and A. Richetti. 2006. Trace elements in bovine milk from dairy farms in Sicily. Ital J Food Sci 18.
31- NRC, N. R. C. 2005. Mineral tolerance of animals. The National Academies Press Washington DC, USA.
32- Radmehr, B., M. Nematparvar, M. Farhoodi-Moghadam and M. Khoshnevis. 2010. Correlation between Lead Concentration in Produced Milk and Drinking Water in a few Dairy Farms of Tehran province.
33- Rahimi, E. 2013. Lead and cadmium concentrations in goat, cow, sheep, and buffalo milks from different regions of Iran. Food Chem 136: 389-391.
34- Schettino, B., R. Gutiérrez, R. Ortiz, S. Vega, G. Urban and A. Ramírez. 2013. Residues of legacy organochlorine contaminants in the milk of Alpine and Saanen goats from the central region of Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 91: 154-159.
35- Shahbazi, Y., F. Ahmadi and F. Fakhari. 2016. Voltammetric determination of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Se in milk and dairy products collected from Iran: An emphasis on permissible limits and risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals. Food Chem 192: 1060-1067.
36- Shakerian, A. and G. Karim. 2014. Study on the contamination of milk and some milk products with Lead and Cadmium in Esfahan and the effect of fat separation using atomic absorption spectrophotometery. J Iran Vet Sci 2: 29-35.
37- Tajkarimi, M., M. A. Faghih, H. Poursoltani, A. S. Nejad, A. Motallebi and H. Mahdavi. 2008. Lead residue levels in raw milk from different regions of Iran. Food Cont 19: 495-498.
38- World Health Organization. Section. 2016.
 Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides. Food & Agriculture Organization; 
39- Yu, M.-H., H. Tsunoda and M. Tsunoda. 2011.
 Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Third Edition ed.  Taylor & Francis. BocaRaton, USA.