مدیریت درد در حیوانات کوچک: مطالعه ای مروری

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه علوم درمانگاهی، بخش جراحی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکترای عمومی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

درد در مراقبت‌های بحرانی یا در مواقع پیش از جراحی، در بسیاری از موارد مؤلفه‌ای از سیمای بالینی بیمار است- که غالباً خاستگاه التهابی دارد- زیرا تمام واسطه‌های شیمیایی از تحریک التهابی یا از حساسیت گیرنده‌های درد آزاد می‌شوند. درد همچنین می‌تواند منشأ مکانیکی نیز داشته باشد (به طور مثال هنگامی که درد مرتبط با اتساع اندام‌های توخالی، فشردگی، پارگی یا تخریب بافتی همراه است). درد در این گونه موارد و بلافاصله پس از جراحی شدید به نظر می‌رسد و با شروع التهاب شدیدتر می‌شود. در نهایت درد می‌تواند از طریق انتقال مستقیم در نورون‌های نخاعی انتقال دهنده درد از ساقه مغز نشأت گیرد. مدیریت ضعیف در باب کنترل درد سبب منبعی از عوارض گردیده که یک پیش آگهی بی‌ثبات و غیر قابل اتکا را باعث می‌شود. بی‌دردی چندگانه بر پایه یک مفهوم کلی در بی‌هوشی عمومی و درمان سرطان نیز مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. این مؤلفه ساده است: هنگامی‌که بر یک فرآیند پیچیده و چند عاملی غلبه شد، نسبت مزایا به خطرات با به کار گیری ترکیبی از رویکردهای متفاوت، بهتر است.
تأثیرات سودمند موارد مذکور، افزاینده بوده و هریک از آن‌ها برای کاهش محدوده اثرات نامطلوب وابسته، مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. در یک مدت زمان طولانی ، داروهای ضد التهاب غیر استروئیدی و داروهای ضد درد مخدر به تنهایی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته و استفاده از یک یا چند نوع از آن‌ها، وابسته به شدت درد ایجاد شده است.

ترکیبی از چندین مولکول در تمام موارد مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد و بسته به نوع درد تغییر می‌کند

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Pain management in small animals: A review article

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Javdani 1
  • A. Barzegar Bafrouei 2
1 Associate professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, surgery section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
2 DVM student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
چکیده [English]

In critical care, and/or in the perioperative setting, pain is often a major component of the clinical picture. It is often of inflammatory origin, because all the chemical mediators of inflammation stimulate or sensitize the nociceptors. It can also be of mechanical origin, for example when it is associated with dilatation of a hollow organ or with compression, laceration or destruction of tissue. In such cases, intensive pain appears soon after the injury and is amplified later when inflammation sets in. Finally, pain can arise from the brain stem, through direct excitation of the pain-transmitting spinal neurons. When pain is poorly managed it is a source of complications that make the prognosis more uncertain. Multimodal analgesia is based on a concept that is also used in general anesthesia and in cancer therapy. The principle is simple: when tackling a complex and multifactorial process, the benefit/risk ratio is improved by using a combination of different approaches. Their beneficial effects are additive, and each one is used more sparingly to limit their individual adverse effects. For a long time, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids were used alone singly, and it was proposed to use one or other type depending on the intensity of the pain. The problem is no longer put in these terms. A combination of several molecules is used in all cases and the analgesic protocol changes depending on the type of pain.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • pain management
  • hyperalgesia
  • opioids
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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