The effect of hexane-extracted Teucrium Polium L. on the ruminal microorganism’s fermentation activity using in vitro technique

Document Type : Full Research Paper

Authors

Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Higher Education Complex of Torbat-e Jam, Torbat-e Jam, Iran

Abstract

Teucrium polium L. is a plant from the Lamiaceae family which is very important in Folk Medicine, however, its effects on fermentation characteristics are still unknown. In this experiment, the effect of hexane oil extracted of Teucrium polium L. by soxhlet device was investigated on some fermentation activities of ruminal microorganism (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) with a balanced ration, in vitro. The hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was added to a culture medium prepared from sheep's rumen fluid and artificial saliva (ratio of 1 to 2) with proportions of 0, 150, 300, and 450 ppm, and some fermentation parameters were finally measured. With an increase in the extract level from 0 to 450 ppm, NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) showed a significant increase (linear) compared to the control, but other parameters such as pH, gas production parameters (24 and 48 h gas, potential and constant rate of gas production), degradability of dry matter and organic matter were not differ. The partitioning factor (PF), microbial mass yield, and efficiency of microbial mass yield were lowest at 450 ppm. The overall results showed that the hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was able to modify and improve some of the fermentation parameters in the culture medium (e.g. increase in ammonia nitrogen and TVFA. Also, the highest changes were observed at 450 ppm. It also seems that levels of less than 450 ppm are not able to significantly change the studied fermentation parameters compared to control.

Keywords


1. Alexander, G., B. Singh, A. Sahoo and T. K. Bhat. 2008. In vitro screening of plant extracts to enhance the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in ruminant diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145: 229-244.
2. AOAC. 1999. Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.
3. Baba, A. S. H., F. B. Castro and E. R. Ørskov. 2002. Partitioning of energy and degradability of browse plants in vitro and the implications of blocking the effects of tannin by the addition of polyethylene glycol. Animal Feed Science and Technology 95: 93-104.
4. Barnett, A. J. G. and R. Reid. 1957. Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass in artificial rumen. 1. Volatile fatty acids production from fresh grasses. Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 48: 315-321.
5. Bedir, E., D. Tasdemi, I. Çalis, O. Zerbe and O. Sticher. 1999. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Teucrium polium. Phytochemistry 51: 921-925.
6. Blummel, M., H. Steingass and K. Becker. 1997. The relationship between in vitro gas production, in vitro microbial biomass yield and 15N incorporation and its implications for prediction of voluntary feed intake of roughages. British Journal of Nutrition 77: 911-921.
7. Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret and C. Kamel. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 761-771.
8. Cardozo, P. W., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret and C. Kamel. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at two pH level on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83: 2572-2579.
9. Castillejos, L., S. Calsamiglia and A. Ferret. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 2649-2658.
10. Castillejos, L., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret and R. Losa. 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet of rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from continuous culture systems. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119: 29-41.
11. Castillejos, L., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret and R. Losa. 2007. Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blendof essential oil compound on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 132: 186-201.
12. Castro-Montoyaa, J., S. De Campeneere, G. Van Ranst and V. Fievez. 2012. Interactions between methane mitigation additives and basal substrates on in vitro methane and VFA production. Animal Feed Science and Technology 176: 47-60.
13. Chua, L. Y. W., C. H. Chong, B. L. Chua and A. Figiel. 2019. Influence of drying methods on the antibacterial, antioxidant and essential oil volatile composition of herbs: a Review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 12 (3): 450-476.
14. Cobellis, G., A. Petrozzi, C. Forte, G. Acuti, M. Orru, M. C. Marcotullio, A. Aquino, A. Nicolini, V. Mazza and M. Trabalza-Marinucci. 2015. Evaluation of the effects of mitigation on methane and ammonia production by using Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils on in vitro rumenfermentation systems. Sustainability 7: 12856-12869.
15. Cobellis, G., M. Trabalza-Marinucci and Z. Yu. 2016. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: a review. Science of the Total Environment 545: 556-568.
16. Cobellis, G., M. Trabalza-Marinuccia, M. C. Marcotullioc and Z. Yu. 2016. Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methaneand ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumen bacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 215: 25-36.
17. Conner, D. E. 1993. Naturally occurring compounds. In: Davidson, P.M., Branen, A.L. (Eds.), Antimicrobials in Foods. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA. pp: 441-468.
18. Eckard, R. G., C. Grainger and C'. A. M. 2010. Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science 130 (1-3): 47-56.
19. El-Shazly, A. M. and K. T. Hussein. 2004. Chemical analysis and biological activities of the essential oil of Teucrium leucocladum Boiss. (Lamiaceae). Biochemical Systematic and Ecology 32 (7): 665-674.
20. Esmaeili, A. and H. Amiri. 2008. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Teucrium Polium L. Research Journal of University of Isfahan (Science) 31 (2): 15-22.
21. Esmaeili, M. A. and R. Yazdanparast. 2004. Hypoglycaemic effect of Teucrium polium: studies with rat pancreatic islets. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 95(1): 27-30.
22. Evans, J. D. and S. A. Martin. 2000. Effects of Thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Current Microbiology 41(5): 336-340.
23. Galati, E. M., M. R. Mondello, A. D’Aquino, N. Miceli, R. Sanogo, O. Tzakou and M. T. Monforte. 2000. Effects of Teucrium divaricatum Heldr. SSp. divaricatum decoction on experimental ulcer in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 337-342.
24. Getachew, G., P. H. Robinson, E. J. DePeters and S. J. Taylor. 2004. Relationships between chemical composition, dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 111 (1-4): 57-71.
25. Hassan, M., F. Muhtadi and A. Al-Badr. 1979. GLC-mass spectrometry of Teucrium polium oil. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 68 (6): 800-1.
26. Helander, I. M., H. L. Alakomi, K. Latva-Kala, T. Mattila-Sandholm, I. Pol, E. J. Smid, L. G. M. Gorris and A.Von Wright. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 3590-3595.
27. IPCC. 1996. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories—Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual. IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit, Bracknell, UK.
28. JimEnez-Peralta, F. S., A. Z. M. Salem, P. Mejia-Hernndez, M. Gonzlez-Ronquillo, B. lbarrn-Portillo, R. Rojo-Rubio and J. L. Tinoco-Jaramillo. 2011. Influence of individual and mixed extracts of two tree species on in vitro gas production kinetics of a high concentrate diet fed to growing lambs. Livestock Science 136: 192-200.
29. Joblin, K. N. 1999. Ruminal acetogens and their potential to lower ruminant methane emissions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 1307-1313.
30. Kazemi, M., A. M. Tahmasbi, R. Valizadeh, A. A. Naserian and M. M. Moheghi. 2009. Assessment of nutritive value of four dominant weed species in range of Khorasan distinct of Iran by in vitro and in situ techniques. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8 (11): 2286-2290.
31. Komolong, M. K., D. G. Barber and D. M. McNeill. 2001. Post-ruminal protein supply and N retention of weaner sheep fed on a basal diet of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) with increasing levels of quebracho tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 92(1-2): 59-72.
32. Lambert, R. J. W., P. N. Skandamis, P. Coote and G. J. E. Nychas. 2001. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. Journal of Applied. Microbiology 91: 453-462.
33. Makkar, H. P. S. 2010. In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (pp. 106-144). In: In vitro screening of plant resources for extra-nutritional attributes in ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies (Ed.), New York. Springer.
34. McIntosh, F. M., P. Williams, R. Losa, R. J. Wallace, D. A. Beever and C. J. Newbold. 2003. Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied Environmental Microbiology 69(8): 5011-5014.
35. Menke, K. H. and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development 28: 7-55.
36. Mosaddegh, M., A. Dehmoobed Sharifabad, P. Nasirin, S. Esmaeili and F. Naghibi. 2002. The study of phytochemical, antifungal and antibacterial effects of Teucrium polium and Cichourium intybus. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 25 (7): 1-6.
37. Niazmand, S., H. Neamati Karimui and M. Sparhem. 2010. The Effects of aqueous-ethanol extract of Teucrium polium L. on rabbit’s blood pressure, heart rate and intraventricular pressure. Journal of Medicinal Plants 1 (33): 90-97.
38.Nooriyan Soroor, E. and Y. Rouzbehan. 2014. The influence of Golpar (Heracleum persicum) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameter, sand on methane production. Iranian Journal of Animal Science 44 (4): 385-395.
39. NRC. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA 381p.
40. NRC. 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. 6th Edition. Washington: National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA, 384p.
41. Ørskov, E. R. and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science 92: 499-503.
42. Patra, A. K. 2011. Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, microbial ecology and ruminant production. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6: 416-428.
43. Rizk, A. M., F. M. Hammouda, H. Rimpler and A. Kamel. 1986. Iridoids and flavonoids of Teucrium polium Herb. Planta Medica 2: 87-88.
44. Russell, J. B., H. J. Strobel and G. Chen. 1988. Enrichment and isolation of a ruminal bacterium with a very high specific activity of ammonia production. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54: 872-877.
45.Sallam, S. M. A., I. C. S. Bueno, P. Brigide, P. B. Godoy, D. M. S. S.Vittii and A. L. Abdalla. 2009. Efficiency of eucalyptus oil on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production. Nutritional and Foraging Ecology of Sheep and Goats 85: 267-272.
46.SAS Institute INC. 2002. Sas user’s Guide: statistics. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc. Cary NC.
47.Sharififar, F., G. Dehghn-Nudeh and M. Mirtajaldini. 2009. Major flavonoids with antioxidant activity from Teucrium polium L. Food Chemistry 112(4): 885-885.
48. Theodorou, M. K., B. A. Williams, M. S. Dhanoa, A. B. McAllan and J. France. 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48, 185-197.
49. Vercoe, E. P., H. P. S. Makkar and A. C. Schlink. 2010. In vitro screening of plant resources for extranutritional attributes in ruminants: nuclear and related methodologies (Ed.), In vitro screening of feed resources for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, (pp. 106-144). New York, Springer.
50. Wallace, R. J. 2004. Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 63: 621-629.
51.Yazdanparast, R., M. A. Esmaeili and J. Ashrafi. 2005. Teucrium polium extract effects pancreatic function of streptozotocin diabetic rats: A histopathological examination. Iranian Biomedical Journal 9(2): 81-5.
52.Zargari, A. 1997. Medicinal Plants. Tehran University Press, Iran, pp: 103-104.