Evaluation of performance and humeral immune system (antibody titer against Gambaro vaccine, cerloplasmin concentration and hetrophyl to lymphocyte ratio) in broiler chickens fed different levels of probiotic

Editorial

Authors

1 Msc, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

The effects of different dietary levels of soybean oil (2, 4 and 6%) and probiotic primalac (0, 0.1 and 0.15 %) were investigated on performance and immune system of broiler chickens from day one to day 42 of age. For this purpose, five hundred and forty day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb) in 9 groups of 60 each were used. The birds of each group were divided into 6 pens of 10 birds. The experimental treatments were analyzed in a 3×3 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design all the birds received a same starter diet until day 7 of age but fed the grower (from day 7 to 21 of age) and finisher (from day 22 to day 42 of age) diets afterwards. The results of the recent experiment showed that soybean oil or probiotic supplementation improved the feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p< 0.01) of broilers during whole the experimental period. Moreover a significant interaction was observed between the probiotic and soybean oil for feed conversion ratio (p< 0.05). Probiotic or soybean oil supplementation increased the feed consumption during 24 hours post-vaccination and antibody titer against gamboro vaccine and decreased the plasma cerloplasmin and hetrophil to lymphocyte ratio (p< 0.01). Furthermore a significant interaction was observed between the soybean oil and probiotic supplementation for post vaccination feed consumption and produced antibody titer (p< 0.05). None of the treatments affected the proportional weight of bursa fabrciuos but probiotic supplementation increased the proportional weight of spleen at day 42 of age. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of 4% soybean oil with 0.1% of probiotic has the best effect on performance of broiler chickens but higher levels of soybean oil (6%) with either of 0.1 or 0.15% of  probiotic is needed for the best immune response (lower blood cerloplasmin concentration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio). 

1- Ali, M.L., Miah, A.G. Salma U. and Chowdhury. R.P. (2001) Effect of soybean oil on finisher period of broiler at hot weather in Bangladesh. Journal of Biological Science. 8: 714-716.
2- Betz, M. and Fox, B. S. (1991) Prostaglandin E2 inhibits production of Th1 lymphokines but not of Th2 lymphokines. Journal of Immunology. 146: 108-113.
3- Cavazzoni, V., Adami, A and Castrovilli, C. (1998) Performance of chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. British Poultry Science. 39: 526-529.
4- Craig-Smith, M. C., Faircloth, S. A. and Weete, J. D. (1987) Modulation of avian lung eicosanoids by dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of Nutrition. 117:1197–1206.
5- Cross, M. L. (2002) Microbes versus microbes: immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens. FEMS Immunology and medical microbiology. 34: 245-253.
6- Dunham, H.J., Wiliams, C., Edens, F.W., Casas, I. A. and Dobrogosz, W. J. (1993) Lactobacillus reuteri immunomodulation of stressor associated diseases in newly hatched chickens and turkeys. Poultry Science. 72 (S 2): 103.
7- Friend, J. V., Lock, S. O., Gurr, M. I. and Parish, W. E. (1980) Effect of different dietary lipids on the immune responses of Hartly strain guinea pigs. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. 62: 292-301.
8- Fritts, C.A., Kersey, J.H., Motl, M.A., Kroger, E.C, Yan, F., Si, J., Jiang, Q., Compos, M.M., Waldroup, A.L. and Waldroup,P.W. (2000) Bacillus subtilis C-3102, (calsporin) improves live performance and microbiological status of broiler chicken. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 9: 149-155.
9- Grass, W.B. and Siegel, H. S. (1983) Evaluation of the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Disease. 27: 927-979.
10- Jin, L. Z., Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N and Jalaludin, S. (1997) Probiotics in poultry: modes of action. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 53: 351- 368.
11- Jin, L. Z, Ho, Y. W., Abdullah, N. and Jalaludin, S. (1998) Growth performance, intestinal microbial population, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus culture. Poultry Science. 77:1259-1265.
12- Johnston, P. V. (1988) Lipid modulation of immune responses. Pages 37-86, in Nutrition and Immunology, R. K.
13- Kabir, S.M.L., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. B and Ahmed, S.U. (2004) The dynamics of probiotics on growth performance and immune response in broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science. 3: 361- 364.
14- Khaksefidi, A. and Ghoorchi, T. (2006) Effect of probiotic on performance and immunocompetence in broiler chickens. Journal of Poultry Science. 43: 296-300.
15- Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., Broughton, S. and Whelan, J.(1990) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids; potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cells, An overview. Nutrition. 6: 24-44.
16- Koenen, M. E., Kramer, J., Van Der Hulst, R., Heres, L., Jeurissen, S. H. and Boersma, W. J. (2004) Immunomudulatory effects of multistrain probiotics (ProtexinTM) on broiler chicken vaccinated against avian influenza virus (H9). British Poultry Science. 45: 355-366.
17- Leeson, S. and Summers, J. D. (2001) Scoot’s Nutrition of the Chicken. University Book. Guelph, Canada.
18- Mertin, J. and Mertin, L. A. (1988) Modulation of in vivo immune responses following changes in the intake of essential fatty acids. Progress in Alergy. 44: 172-206.
19- Miettinen, M., Vuopio-Varkila, J. and Varkila, K. (1996) Production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6,and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria. Infect Immunology. 64: 5403-5405.
20- Miller, L. L., Sigel, P. B. and Dunington, E.A. (1992) Inheritance of antibody response to sheep erythrocyte in lines ofchickens divergently selected for fifty six-day body weight and their crosses. Poultry Science. 71: 47-52.
21- Mohan, B., Kadirvel, R., Natarajan, M. and Bhaskaran, M. (1996) Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogenutilisation and serum cholestrol in broilers. British Poultry Science. 37: 395-401.
22- Nahashon, S.N, Nakaue, H.S and Mirosh, L.W. (1994b) Performance of single comb white leghorn layers fed corn- soybean meal and barley-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a direct-fed microbial. Poultry Science. 73: 1712-1723.
23- Nisbet, D.J., Corrier, D. E., Scanlan, C.M., Ghollister, A., Beier, R. C. and Deloach, J. R. (1993) Effect of a defined
continuous flowderived bacterial culture and dietary lactose on salmonella colonization in broiler chickens. Avian Disease. 37:1017-1025.
24- Nitsan, Z., Dvorin, A., Zoref, Z. and Mokady, S. (1997) Effect of added soybean oil and dietary energy on metabolizable and net energy of broiler diets. British Poultry Science. 38: 101-106.
25- Panda, A. K., Reddy, M. R., Roa, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N and Sita Sharma, R. (2006) Dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus sporogenes on performance and serum biochemo-lipid profile of broiler chickens. Journal of Poultry Science. 43: 235-240.
26- Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., Rao, S.V.R., Raju, M.V.L.N. and Praharaj, N.K. (2000) Growth, carcass characteristics,
immunocompetence and response to Escherichia coli of broilers fed diets with various levels of probiotic. Archiv-fur-
Geflugelkunde. 64: 152-156.
27- Parmentier, H. K., Nieuwland, M. G. B., Barwegen, M. W., Kwakkel, R. P. and Schrama, J. W. (1997) Dietary unsaturated fatty acids affect antibody responses and growth of chicken divergently selected for humoral responses to sheep red blood cells. Poultry Science. 76:1164–1171.
28- Pascual, M., Hugas, M., Badiola, J.I., Monfort, J.M., Garriga, M. (1999) Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteretidis colonization in chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65: 4981-4986.
29- Perdigon, G., Macias, N., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G., Ruiz Holgado A. A. (1998) Systemic augmentation of the immune
response in mic by feeding fermented milks with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Immunology. 63: 17-23.
30- Perdigon, G., Macias, N., Alvarez, S., Oliver, G., Ruiz Holgado, A. A. (1986) Effect of perorally administered lactobacillion macrophage activation in mic. Infect Immunology. 53: 404- 410.
31- Perdigon, G., Fuller, R. and Raya, R. (2001) Lactic acid bacteria and their effect on the immune system. Intestinal
Microbiology. 2: 27-4.
32- Perdigon, G., Alvarez, S., Rachid, M., Agüero, G. and Gobbatto, N. (1995) Immune system stimulation by probiotics.Journal of Dairy Science. 78: 1597-1606.
33- Phipps, R., Stein, P., S. H. and Roper, R. L. (1991) A new view of prostaglandin E regulation of the immune response.Immunology Today. 12:349–352.
34- SAS Institute. (2002) SAS Users Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
35- Shoeib, H. K., Sayed, A. N., Sotohy, S. A., Abdel Ghaffar, S. K. (1997) Response of broiler chicks to probiotic (pronifer)
supplementation. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 36: 103- 116.
36- Sijben, J.W.C., de Groot, H., Nieuwland, M.G.B., Schrama, J. W. and Parmentier, H. K. (2000) Dietary linoleic acid divergently affects immune responsiveness of growing layer hens. Poultry Science. 79:1106–1115
37- Suderman, F.W. Jr., and Nomoto, S. (1970) Measurement of human serum ceroloplasmin by its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity. Clinical Chemistry. 16: 903-910.
38- Tabeidian, A., Sadeghi, G. H. and Pourreza, J. (2005) Effect of dietary protein levels and soybean oil supplementation on
broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science. 4:799-803.
39- Wang, Y.W., Field, C.J. and Sim, J. S. (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids alter lymphocyte subset proportion
and proliferation, serum immunoglobulin G concentration, and immune tissue development in chicks. Poultry Science. 79:1741–1748.
40- Yeo, J. and Kim, K. (1997) Effect of feeding diets contaninig an antibiotic, a probiotic, or yucca extraction on growth and
intestinal urease activity in broiler chicks. Poultry Science. 76:
381-385.
41- Zulkifli I, Abdullah N, Mohd Azrin N and Ho YW. (2000) Growth performance and immune response of two commercial
broiler strains fed diet containing lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress condition. British Poultry
Science. 41: 593-597.