Hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle: A review on epidemiology and strategies for prevention in endemic and non-endemic areas

Editorial

Author

Scientific Member of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute

Abstract

Pasteurellosis of cattle and buffalo named as hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an acute and fatal disease causes by Pasteurella multocida serotypes B2 and E2 in different countries. HS is occurred in all parts of the world except Australia. Economic importance of disease in Asia is more than Africa. Bovine pasteurellosis is endemic in Northern areas (Gilan and Mazandaran), West and East Azarbayjan, Ardabil and Khozestan provinces in Iran. Its occurrence in other parts of the country is sporadic. Vaccination is the most effective method for prevention of the disease. Apparently healthy but carrier animals have basic roles in transferring the disease from endemic to non-endemic areas. In this article the epidemiology of HS is reviewed and the main strategies for control and prevention of the disease is explained.

1- Baharsefat M. and Firouzi S. (1977) Progress in control of Haemorrhagic septicaemia (Pasteurellosis) in  cattle in Iran. Bull. Off. Int. Epizo. 87: 622-625.##
2- Bain R. V.S. (1963) Haemorrhagic septicaemia. FAO Publication. Paper No.62. PP:58 –59.##
3- Biswas A, Shivachandra SB, Saxena MK, Kumar AA, Singh VP, Srivastava SK. (2004) Molecular variability among strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated from an outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia in India. Vet Res Commun. 28(4):287-98.##
4- Brown C. (2008) Hemorrhagic septicemia. In: Foreign animal diseases. Boca Raton, FL: United States Animal Health Association.p: 297-300.##
5- Bunn. T. (1993) Vaccine adjuvants and carriers. In: Peters, A. R. Vaccines for veterinary applications. PP: 295-306.##
6- Chandrasekaran, S., Kennett, L., Yeap P. C., Muniandy N., rani, B. and Mukkur T. K. S. (1994) Characterization of immune response and duration of protection in buffaloes immunized with haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines. Veterinary Microbiology. 41: 213-219.##
7- Chaturevedi, G. C. and Sharma, V. K. (1981) Cell mediated immunoprotection in calves immunized with rough Salmonella dublin. British Veterinary Journal. 137: 421-430.##
8- Davies RL, MacCorquodale R, Reilly S. (2004) Characterisation of bovine strains of Pasteurella multocida and comparison with isolates of avian, ovine and porcine origin. Vet Microbiol. 2004 Apr 5;99(2):145-58.##
9- De Alwis, M. C. L. and VCipulasiri A. A. (1980) An epizootiological study of haemorragic septicaemia in Seri Lanka. Ceylon Veterinary Journal, 28: 24-35.##
10- De Alwis, M. C. L. (1986) Epidemiology of haemorrhagic septicaemia and economics of control of the diseases. In Proceedings of the Fifth international Conference on livestock production and diseases in tropics. Malaysia.##
11- De Alwis, M. C. L. Wijewardana T. G.  Gomis, A. IU. And Vipulasiri, A. A. (1990) Persistence of the carrier status in haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffaloes. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 22: 185-194.##
12- De Alwis (1992) Haemorrhagic septicaemia – a general review. Br. Vet. J. 148: 99-112. ##
13- De Alwis (1993) Pasteurellosis in production animals. ACIR. Proceeding. No 43.PP: 11-22.##
14- Dua, S. K. and Maheswaran, S. K. (1978) Studies on Pasteurella multocida, Nature of systemic immunity and analysis of the correlation between levels of immunity by various fowl cholera vaccines and protection against challenge. Avian Diseases. 2: 748-764. ##
15- Dziva F, Muhairwa AP, Bisgaard M, Christensen H. (2008)  Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Vet Microbiol. 128 (1-2):1-22.##
16- Gomis A.I. U., De Alwis, M. C. L. (1988) Further studies on stability and potency of the haemorrhagic septicaemia oil adjuvant vaccine. Sri Lanka Veterinary Journal. 36: 9-20.##
17-  Jabbari, A. R. Esmaelzadeh, M. And Moazeni Jula, Gh. R. (2006) Polymerase chain reaction typing of Pasteurella multocida capsule isolated in Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 16: 50-55.##
18- Jabbari A. R, and Moazeni Jula. G. R. (2004) Potency testing of modified alum adjuvant haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine in laboratory and farm animals.##
19- Jabbari A. R. and Moazeni Jula Gh. R. (2002) Improvement of haemorrhagic septicaemia Vaccine by Removing of Anaphylactic Agents. Arch. Razi Ins. 54: 85-92.##
20- Jabbari, A. R. and Moazeni Jula, Gh. R. (2007) Measuring of free endotoxin in alum- precipitated vaccine of haemorrhagic septicaemia by limulus amebocyte test. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 18: 83-85##
21- Jabbari A. R. (2011) Strategic Plan for prevention and control of animal pasteurellosis. Final Report of Research Project. P: 5-25.##
22- Johnson R. B., Dawkins, H. J. S., Spencer, T. L., Saharee. A. A. Bahaman, A. R., Ramandi, and Pattern B. E. (1989) Evaluation of bovine antibody reponses to haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Research in Veterinary Science. 47: 277-279.##
23- Kaweh M., Sohrab V. and Baharsefat M. (1960) Bovine pasteurellosis in Iran methods of vaccination. Arch. Inst. Razi. 12: 99-105.##
24- Myint A, Jones TO, Nyunt HH. (2005) Safety, efficacy and cross-protectivity of a live intranasal aerosol haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine. Vet Rec.  8;156(2):41-5.##
25- Nagaraja, V., Sunderam, S. and Ramani. K. (1975) Neutralization of the haemorrhagic septicaemia alum precipated vaccine and its effect on local reactions. Indian Veterinary Journal. 52: 800-802.##
26- Natalia. L. Pattern, B. and Syamsudin A. (1993) Evaluation of bovine antibody reponses to haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine using ELISA and PMPT. ACIAR Proceeding No 43: 234-237.##
27- Neramitmansook, P., Neramitmansook, W, and Carter, G. R. (1993) Comparision of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and passive mouse protection test for measuring protective antibodies against Pasteurella multocida serotype B in cattle and buffalo. ACIAR Proceeding No 42: 224-225.##
28- Saxena MK, Singh VP, Kumar AA, Chaudhuri P, Singh VP, Shivachandra SB, Biswas A, Sharma B (2006) REP-PCR analysis of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wild and domestic animals in India. Vet Res Commun.;30(8):851-61.##
29- Sheikh M. A. Yaqoob, T., Baig, M. S. Afzal, M, and Shakori, A. R. (1994) The epidemiology of haemorrhagic septicaemia of buffaloes in Pakistan. Buffalo Journal. 10: 229-236.##
30- Wijewardana, T. G. ranawana, S.S. E. and Vipulasiri, A. A. (1995) An epidemiological survey on haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes in the dry zone of Seri Lanka. Sri lanka Veterinary Journal. 42: 24-25.##