Fungal contamination in handmade and factory-made feed of rainbow trout (Oncorhincus mykiss)

Editorial

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Medicin, Higher Education Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Jahad Agriculture

2 Associate Professor, Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran

3 Lecturer, Department of Veterinary Medicin, Higher Education Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Jahad Agriculture, Tehran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Fisheri Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran.

5 Assistant Professor, Higher Education Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Jahad Griculture, Mirza Kochak Vocation and Higher Education Center for Fisheries Science, Guilan, Rasht, Iran

6 M.S. Food Science , Department of Food Science, Higher Education Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Jahad Agriculture, Tehran

Abstract

In the present study, fungal contaminations of trout feed were examined with special attention of potentially mycotoxigenic fungi. The feed samples were obtained from a factory and 6 farms. Sampling was done on final pellets and their ingredients including wheat, wheat flour, soya, fish powder, gluten and starch in the factory and in the farm according to the instruction of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran (No: 7570). Samples were transferred to the laboratory in nylon bags and cultured for fungal isolation on specific media i.e. Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar (AFPA) and Dichloran rosebengal chloramphenicol agar (DRCA). Fungal colonies were purified from primary cultures by sub-culturing on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates and identified at the genus or species level by a combination of macro- and microscopic morphological criteria. Based on the results obtained, a total of 133 fungal isolates belonging to 11 different genera were isolated. The most contamination occurred on the factory’s final production stage, followed by the wheat flour (17.29%) and gluten (15.78%). Aspergillus species were isolated from all the samples except one. The genus aspergillus was the most prominent fungus isolated (54.88%) followed by the genera penicillium (10.52%) and Absidia (9.77%). Aspergillus flavus was most frequently isolated fungus (36.84%). A total number of 109 fungal species from 11 genera were isolated from the pellets and feed ingredients in the factory. The most contamination was in the pellet (22.01%), followed by wheat flour (21.1%) and gluten (19.26%). Aspergillus species were present in all the samples, while pseudallscheria and ulocladium were isolated only from the pellets. Aspergillus was the most prominent genus (55.99%), followed by the genera penicillium (12.84%), absidia (11.01%) and pseudallscheria (10.1%). From the farm samples, a total of 24 fungal species were isolated, of which 50% were belonging to the genus aspergillus from the species, Aspergillus flavus. Three of the farms used handmade feed while the other three farms consisted of factory made feed. The feeds that were handmade were more contaminated than that of the factory made feed.

1- رحیمی، ا، کریم، گ. (1387) تعیین میزان آلودگی آفلاتوکسین M1 در شیرهای تولیدی مزارع پرورش گاو شیری استان چهارمحال و بختیاری به روش الایزا، فصلنامه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دوره 5، شماره 1، صفحات 51 تا 58. ##
2- رزاقی ابیانه، م، پیله ورسلطان احمدی، ی، شمس قهفرخی، م، علی نژاد، س. (1390)، آفلاتوکسین ها و اهمیت آن در بهداشت عمومی. موسسه اموزش عالی علمی کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، صفحات 4 و 59 تا 61 ##
3- رزاقی ابیانه، م.، شمس قهفرخی، م. (1384) قارچ شناسی عمومی دامپزشکی، موسسه آموزش عالی علمی کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، صفحات 116 تا 117 ، 121 تا 122. ##
4- سپهداری، ا. (1388) بررسی تغییرات هیستوپاتولوژیک و باقیمانده بافتی ناشی ازمصرف خوراک مقادیر مختلف آفلاتوکسین B1 درفیل ماهی پرورشی (Huso huso). پایان نامه برای دریافت درجه دکترای تخصصی در رشته بهداشت و بیماری های آبزیان از دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه تهران. شماره ثبت 346، صفحات 8 تا 9، 14 تا 15. ##
 5- شمس قهفرخی، م، علی نژاد، س، رزاقی ابیانه، م. (1384) قارچ شناسی و بیماری های قارچی آبزیان. موسسه آموزش عالی علمی کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، صفحات 2 تا 3. ##
 6- علامه، ع.، رزاقی ابیانه، م. (1380) مایکوتوکسین ها، انتشارات دانشگاه امام حسین (ع). ##
7- Ashley, L.M. (1970) Pathology of fish fed aflatoxins and other antimetabolites. A Symposium on Diseases of Fish and Shellfishes, 1970, Washington, American Fisheries Society, 366-379.##
8- Asis, R.D., Paola, D.R. and Aldao, A.M. (2002) Determination of aflatoxin B1 in highly contaminated peanut samples using HPLC and ELISA. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Immunology 14, 201-208.##
9- Bautista, M.N., Pitogo, L., Subosa, C.R. and Begino, E.T. (1994) Response of Penaeus monodon juveniles to aflatoxin B1 dietary contamination. 1st, Edn. The 3rd Asian Fish Forum Soc., Manila, 771-.##
10- Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M. (2003) Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16, 497–516.##
11- Berry, C.L. (1998) The Pathology of mycotoxins. Journal of Pathology 154, 301-311.##
12- Charoen Pornsook, K. and Kavisarasai, P. (2006) Mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs of Thailand. KMITL Science and Technology Journal 6:25-28.##
13- Chavez, S., Martines, P., Osorio, M., Palacios, C.A.M. and Mareno, I.O. (1994) Pathological effects of feeding young Orechromis niloticus diets supplemented with different levels of aflatoxin. Aquaculture 127, 49-61.##
14- Chelkowski, J. (1991) Mycological quality of mixed feeds and ingredients. In J. Chelkowski (ed.), Cereal Grain, Mycotoxins, Fungi and Quality in Drying and Storage, pp. 217-227.##
15- Coulombe, RA (1993) Biological action of mycotoxins. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 880- 891.##
16- Cutuli, M.T., Cuellar, A., Camara, J.M., Mateos, A. and Suarez, G. (1991) Different media and methodologies for the detection of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from trout feed. Mycopathologia 113, 121–125.##
17- Davis, N.D. and Diener, U.L. (1970) Enviromental factors affecting the production of aflatoxin. Proceedings of the 1st US-Japan Conference on Toxic Microorganisms, 1970, US Govt. Printing office,Washington, D.C., pp. 43-47.##
18- Diaz, G.J., Lozano, M.C. and Acuña, A. (2009) Prevalence of Aspergillus species on selected Colombian animal feedstuffs and ability of Aspergillus section flavi to produce aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal 2, 31-34.##
19- Dutta, T.K. and Das, P. (2000) Isolation of aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus and detection of aflatoxine B1 from feeds in India. Mycopathologia 151, 29-33.##
20- Farabi, S.M.V., Yosefian, M. and Hajimoradloo, A. (2006) Aflatoxicosis in juvenile Huso huso fed a contaminated diet. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22, 234-237.##
21- Fegan, D. (2005) Mycotoxins: the hidden menace. http://www.alltech.com.##
22- Franceschi, S., Bidoli, E., Baron, A.E. and LA Vacchia, C. (1995) Maize and risk of cancer of the oral cavity, Pharynx and esophagus in northeastern Italy. Nati. Cancer Institute 82, 1407–1411.##
23- Gibson, A.M., Baranyi, J., Pitt, M.J., Eyles, M.J. and Robert, T.A. (1994) Predicting fungal growth: The effect of water activity on Aspergillus flavus and related species. International Journal of Food Microbiology 23, 419-431.##
24- Hedayati, M.T., Pasqualotto, A.C., Warn, P.A. and Bowyer, P. (2007) Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. Journal of Microbiology 153, 1677-1692.##
25- Jantraroti, W. and Lovell, R.T. (1990) Subchronic toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B1 to channel catfish. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2, 248-254.##
26- Keller, K.M., Queiroz, B.D., Keller, L.A.M., Ribeiro, J.M.M., Cavaglieri, L.R., Gonzalez Pereyra, M.L., Dalcero, A.M. and Rosa, C.A.R. (2007) The mycobiota and toxicity of equine feeds. Veterinary Research Communications 31, 1037-1045.##
27- Khoo, L. (2000) Fungal diseases in fish. Seminars in Avian and Exotic pet medicine. 9, 102-111.##
28-  Labuda, L. and Tanvinova, D. (2006) Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and  their toxinogeniety. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 13, 193-200. ##
29- Lee, B.C., Hendrichs, J.D. and Bailey, G.S. (1991) Toxicity of mycotoxins to fish In: Mycotoxins and Animal Foods (J.E. Smith, R.S. Henderson, eds.), CRC Press, New York, pp. 607-626.##
30- Lovell, R.T. (2001) Nutrition and feeding of fish, 2nd Edn., Haworth Press, New York, pp: 24-28.##
31- Mahoney, N., Molyneux, R. J. and Campbell, B.C. (2000) Regulation of aflatoxin production by naphtoquinones of walnut (Juglans regia). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 4418-4421.##
32- Motalebi, A.A., Ardalani, K. and Jamili, S. (2003) Effect of temperature on the produced aflatoxins in the rainbow trout feed in West Azerbaijan province. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3, 392-397.##
33- Payne, G.A., Thompson, D.L., Lillehoj, E.B., Zuber, M.S. and Adkins, C.R. (1988) Effect of temperature on the preharvest infection of maize kernels by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 78, 1376-1380.##
34- Samson, R.A., Hoekstra, E.S., Frisvad, J.C. and Filtenborg, O. (2000) Introduction to Food and Airborne Fungi, Sixth edn. The Netherlands: CBS-Utrechti, 2000.##
35- Smith, J.E., Solomons, G., Lewis, C. and Anderson, J.G. (1995) The role of mycotoxins in human and animal nutrition and health. Natural Toxins 3, 187-192.##
36- Spring, P. and Fegan, D.F. (2005) Mycotoxins- a rising threat to aquaculture? In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Food and Food Industries: Proceeding of Altech`s 21st Annual Symposium (T.P.Lyons and K.A.Jacques, eds.), pp. 323-332.##
37- Yu, J., Whitelaw, C.A., Nierman, W.C, Bhatnagar, D. and Cleveland, T.E. (2004) Aspergillus flavus expressed sequence tags for identification of genes with putative roles in aflatoxin contamination of crops. FEMS Microbiology Letters 237, 333-340.##